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Bingo cards are playing cards designed to facilitate the game of Bingo in its various forms around the world.

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History[edit]

In the early 1500s the people of Italy began to play a game called 'Lo Gioco del Lotto d'Italia,' which literally means 'The game of lotto of Italy.' The game operated very much like a modern lottery as players placed bets on the chances of certain numbers being drawn. By the 1700s, a version of Lo Gioco del Lotto d'Italia was played in France, where paper cards were first used to keep track of numbers drawn by a caller.^[1]

Before the advent of printing machines, numbers on bingo cards were either painted by hand or stamped using rubber stamps onto thick cardboard.^[2] Cards were reusable, meaning players used tokens to mark called numbers. The number of unique cards was limited as randomization had to occur by hand. Before the advent of online Bingo, cards were printed on card stock and, increasingly, disposable paper.^[3] While cardboard and paper cards are still in use, Bingo halls are turning more to 'flimsies' (also called 'throwaways') — a card inexpensively printed on very thin paper to overcome increasing cost — and electronic Bingo cards to overcome the difficulty with randomization.^[4][5]

Types of Cards[edit]

There are two types of Bingo cards. One is a 5x5 grid meant for 75-ball Bingo, which is largely played in the U.S. The other uses a 9x3 grid for U.K. style 'Housie' or 90-ball Bingo.^[6]

75-ball Bingo Cards[edit]

Players use cards that feature five columns of five squares each, with every square containing a number (except the middle square, which is designated a 'FREE' space). The columns are labeled 'B' (numbers 1–15), 'I' (numbers 16–30), 'N' (numbers 31–45), 'G' (numbers 46–60), and 'O' (numbers 61–75).^[7]

Randomization[edit]

A popular Bingo myth^[8] claims that U.S. Bingo innovator Edwin S. Lowe contracted Columbia University professor Carl Leffler to create 6,000 random and unique Bingo cards. The effort is purported to have driven Leffler insane. Manual random permutation is an onerous and time-consuming task that limited the number of Bingo cards available for play for centuries.

The calculation of random permutations is a matter of statistics principally relying on the use of factorial calculations. In its simplest sense, the number of unique 'B' columns assumes that all 15 numbers are available for the first row. That only 14 of the numbers are available for the second row (one having been consumed for the first row). And that only 13, 12, and 11 numbers are available for each of the third, fourth, and fifth rows. Thus, the number of unique 'B' (and 'I', 'G', and 'O', respectively) columns is (15*14*13*12*11) = 360,360. The combinations of the 'N' column differ due to the use of the free space. Therefore, it has only (15*14*13*12) = 32,760 unique combinations. The product of the five rows (360,360⁴ * 32,760) describes the total number of unique playing cards. That number is 552,446,474,061,128,648,601,600,000 simplified as 5.52x10²⁶ or 552 septillion.

Printing a complete set of Bingo cards is impossible for all practical purposes. If one trillion cards could be printed each second, a printer would require more than seventeen thousand years to print just one set. However, while the number combination of each card is unique, the number of winning cards is not. If a winning game using e.g. row #3 requires the number set B10, I16, G59, and O69, there are 333,105,095,983,435,776 (333 quadrillion) winning cards. Therefore, calculation of the number of Bingo cards is more practical from the point of view of calculating the number of unique winning cards.

For example, in a simple one-pattern game of Bingo a winning card may be the first person to complete row #3. Because the 'N' column contains a free space, the maximum number of cards that guarantee a unique winner is (15*15*15*15) = 50,625. Because the players need to only focus on row #3, the remaining numbers in rows #1, #2, #4, and #5 are statistically insignificant for purposes of game play and can be selected in any manner as long as no number is duplicated on any card.

Perhaps the most common pattern set, known as 'Straight-line Bingo' is completing any of the five rows, columns, or either of the main diagonals.^[5] In this case the possibility of multiple winning cards is unavoidable because any one of twelve patterns on every card can win the game. But not all 552 septillion cards need to be in play. Any given set of numbers in a column (e.g., 15, 3, 14, 5, 12 in the 'B' column) can be represented in any of 5! (for the 'B', 'I', 'G', and 'O' columns. 4! for the 'N' column) or 120 different ways. These combinations are all statistically redundant. Therefore, the total number of cards can be reduced by a factor of (5!⁴ * 4!) = 4,976,640,000 for a total unique winning card set of 111,007,923,832,370,565 or 111 quadrillion. (Still impossibly enormous, but our eager printer described above would only need 1.29 days to complete the task.)

The challenge of a multiple-pattern game is selecting a winner wherein a tie is possible. The solution is to name the player who shouts 'Bingo!' first, is the winner. However, it is more practical and manageable to use card sets that avoid multiple-pattern games. The single-pattern #3 row has already been mentioned, but its limited card set causes problems for the emerging online Bingo culture. Larger patterns, e.g. a diamond pattern consisting of cell positions B3, I2 and I4, N1 and N5, G2 and G4, and O3, are often used by online Bingo games to permit large number of players while ensuring only one player can win. (A unique winner is further desirable for online play where network delays and other communication interference can unfairly affect multiple winning cards. The winner would be determined by the first person to click the 'Bingo!' button (emulating the shout of 'Bingo!' during a live game).) In this case the number of unique winning cards is calculated as (15²*(15*14)³/2³) = 260,465,625 (260 million). The division by two for each of the 'I', 'N', and 'G' columns is necessary to once again remove redundant number combinations, such as [31,#,#,#,45] and [45,#,#,#,31] in the N column.

90-ball bingo cards[edit]

^[9] In UK bingo, or Housie, cards are usually called 'tickets.' The cards contain three rows and nine columns. Each row contains five numbers and four blank spaces randomly distributed along the row. Numbers are apportioned by column (1–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79 and 80–90).

Other Types of Cards[edit]

See also[edit]

• Reader service card (also known as a 'bingo card')

References[edit]

• Young, William H. and Nancy K. The Great Depression in America: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN978-0-313-33521-1.

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^Crossland, Drake. 'Bingo:A Game's Journey Through History'. EZinearticles.com.
2. ^'Bingo Card History'. VirtualBingo. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
3. ^'Bingo Cards'. BettingExpert. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
4. ^'Types of Bingo Cards'. VirtualBingo. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
5. ^ ^abAndrew Bowser. 'Bingo Equipment'. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
6. ^Hoeft, Mike (2014). The bingo queens of Oneida : how two moms started tribal gaming in Wisconsin (First ed.). ISBN978-0870206528.
7. ^John, Player (1 January 2014). 'Gala Bingo Mobile App: play wherever you are'. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
8. ^'Bingo Myths: Fact or Fiction?'. My Casino Strategy. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
9. ^'bingobonuspage:What are the different Bingo game types?'. Archived from the original on December 6, 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2016.

Reprinted with permission from The Virginian-Pilot.
During a Lenten homily to 1,500 Catholics, the Rev. John-Mary Tompkins pried the lid off a touchy but seldom discussed issue among South Hampton Roads parishes.
Not contraception. Not the prohibition against married clergy. Not the debate over women's ordination.

The target of Tompkins' disapproval was bingo.

The game of chance is a big fundraising tool for many local nonprofit groups. In South Hampton Roads, a half-dozen Catholic parishes and schools grossed $3.34 million from bingo in the 1999-2000 fiscal year, according to the state Charitable Gaming Commission. Of that sum, $392,882 went to charitable causes such as parochial schools.

But to Tompkins, raising money with bingo poses troubling questions.

Should Catholics rely on bingo players--who typically are not Catholic--to support their ministries and schools? If Catholics' faith is truly deep, shouldn't they dig deeper into their own pockets?

Other Catholics, however, see bingo as a vital source of revenue.

Without it, the men's club at St. Gregory the Great Church in Virginia Beach might never have raised the $61,000 it gave the parish school last year.

Had the school not received that infusion, 'We'd be raising tuition more than we want to' or searching for new funding sources, said the principal, Sister Patricia O'Donnell.

Yet the number of parishes nationwide that host bingo has declined. And the anti-bingo contingent locally includes one very influential member: Bishop Walter F. Sullivan.

'I've always been opposed to parish-sponsored or church-sponsored bingo,' said Sullivan, whose Diocese of Richmond includes South Hampton Roads.

The bishop believes the unrealistic hope of winning a jackpot lures people, such as senior citizens, who cannot afford to squander money.

The Catholic Church does not prohibit gambling, and Sullivan acknowledges that bingo is no sin. But he faults it for another reason:

'It becomes a substitution for what is our responsibility: to put our money where our mouth is,' Sullivan said. 'We should be responsible for the giving to our parish and outreach needs, rather than relying on outsiders.'

It's Friday night, and the gymnasium at St. Gregory the Great Catholic Church is thick with cigarette smoke and bingo players.

The prizes range from $100 to $3,750. Many players better their odds by working as many as 21 cards at a time. Some also buy dozens of 'instant' bingo tickets, which, like instant lottery tickets, pay off immediately.

For most players, helping St. Gregory's school and ministries is not a priority.

'Catholic school is beside the point--I go play bingo to get out of the house,' says Joan Kukrall of Virginia Beach, a Friday night regular.

Helen Gowens, also of Virginia Beach, plays only at St. Gregory. She says the volunteers who run the game are nice, trustworthy people.

'It's nothing to do with the religion,' she says. 'They could be anything they want to be, so long as I holler bingo.'

Norfolk's Debbie Chapman is one of the few Catholics playing tonight, but she doesn't care whether a game is church-sponsored or not. She's there for the fun, although she does remember a time when excitement turned into addiction.

'A lot of people can't control it. I admit, I was that way once,' she says, dabbing ink on the last number announced by a caller. 'I see people who are crazy, fighting to get to the instant table. Instant tickets, that's gambling...and gambling is a very hard thing to control.'

These days, Chapman generally limits herself to no more than three bingo outings a week. Win or lose, she refuses to spend more than a certain amount.

The St. Gregory Men's Club, which runs the game, helps other players exercise restraint. The club vetoed the idea of installing an automatic teller machine, and it doesn't take checks. But there is a credit union ATM in the parking lot.

Club president Jim Sciortino spends up to eight hours overseeing the weekly bingo session. He devotes at least two more evenings each week to paperwork and planning.

As a Catholic, Sciortino sees managing bingo as one way of meeting his responsibility to support the church.

'I'm 56. When I was 30, my father came to my house and said, 'You're getting ready to put a kid in parochial school.' I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'That school is supported by bingo.' I said, `Yes.' He said, 'I expect to see you there Friday night.'

Sciortino has been there ever since.

Thanks to bingo and volunteers like Sciortino, the men's club was able to give St. Gregory the Great School $25,000, plus $35,000 for the school's endowment and $1,000 in its teachers retirement fund last year. 'The school benefits tremendously from their work,' said O'Donnell, the principal.

At St. Pius X School in Norfolk, where school policy requires the operating budget to run solely on tuition and the subsidy paid by the parish, bingo money still makes a big difference.

'What bingo did for this school in the last five years is make it possible to air-condition the building, an absolute necessity given the age of the building and how hot our springs and falls can be,' said the principal, Sister Renee Murphy.

Bingo generates enormous gross revenue but brings with it whopping overhead costs, even with volunteers running the games. Groups that don't have a gym or parish hall must pay $1,800 to $2,700 a week to rent a bingo hall. Cash prizes to winners are also expensive. St. Gregory's pays out $8,500 every week.

Parish school administrators--none of four interviewed were aware of Sullivan's stand on bingo--differ on how hard it would be for their school to cope without the games.

At Christ the King School, principal Miriam Cotton is grateful for bingo proceeds because they remove the need for 'nickel-and-diming parents with different fundraisers.'

But she also considers bingo an undependable source of income, vulnerable as it is to the whims and pocketbooks of players. Eliminating it would pose a challenge to 'think outside the box' about new ways to raise money, she said.

But such thinking could highlight some interesting realities about Catholics' attitude toward giving money to their church.

Bingo Tickets The Range

Matthew Paratore, secretary general of the International Catholic Stewardship Council in Washington, D.C., said that generations ago, many Catholics in America came from European countries where government supported the church financially. These immigrants often didn't understand that in the United States churches had to be self-sustaining.

'When they came here and heard the priest say, 'Give generously,' they said, 'For what?' and there was immediate resentment,' Paratore said. 'Consequently, what they did was, they threw in the basket whatever they had in their pocket and that came down to a dollar a month.'

Bingo Tickets The Range 2019

Decades later, some Catholics persist in offering no more than pocket change.

Catholic households in the diocese of Richmond give an average of $9.19 a week to their parish, according to John Barrett, the diocesan finance officer.

Comparable figures for Protestant church members aren't available. But Dean Hoge, a sociologist at The Catholic University of America, said research shows that Catholics give less money to churches than mainline Protestants, who give less than evangelical Protestants.

One reason is that Catholics, unlike Protestants, typically aren't asked to pledge a definite sum each year.

'Pledging causes people to reflect on their giving as a percentage of total income. It makes them plan for a total year, rather than relying on what they just want to give that day,' Hoge said.

Compared with a stewardship program that includes pledging, 'bingo is a poor way of gathering funds,' he said. ``The main thing it does is provide a social community for older females.' Churches and schools that don't have bingo typically say they're enriched by avoiding it.

'We don't need bingo,' said Msgr. William L. Pitt, who referred to it as 'fundraising out of other people's pockets.' He eliminated the game when he arrived at Catholic High School as its principal 10 years ago.

Most bingo players, he said, weren't part of the school community. In contrast, fund-raisers that replaced bingo, such as an annual auction, promote participation by students, parents and faculty. They also raise more money than bingo did.

Church of the Holy Spirit in Virginia Beach abandoned bingo about two years after the parish formed in 1975. Parishioner Myron Tauchen said members studied what the Bible said about Christian stewardship.

``They decided that instead of having bingo, asking the public to support our church, we should support our own church,' he said.

Holy Spirit emphasizes the importance of contributing time and talent, as well as money, to sustain the church and its ministries. That approach, members say, encourages greater participation in church life, which in turn makes parishioners feel more ownership of the parish -- an attitude that stimulates financial contributions.

``I used to be one of those Catholics, when I first joined, who'd throw $5 in the plate and consider I was doing a good job,' Tauchen said.

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But Holy Spirit's culture of stewardship changed his priorities. ``Instead of being the last check we write, now it's the first,' he said of his family's church offering.

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Bishop Sullivan would love to see all Catholic churches and organizations follow Holy Spirit's lead. But he won't order an end to bingo; he'd rather use ``gentle persuasion.'

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``We're very affluent,' he said, referring to the Catholic community. ``We have all the money we need. The problem is, half is still in our wallets.'